Double-layer-relevant laboratory results

A review of recent laboratory double layer experiments

Recent developments in laboratory double layers from the late 1980s to the spring of 2007 are reviewed. The paper begins by a lead up to electric double layers in the laboratory. Then an overview of the main double layer devices and properties is presented with an emphasis on current-free double layers. Some of the double layer models and simulations are analysed before giving a more complete d...

Multiple double layers in laboratory experiments relevant for space plasma phenomena

Double layers (DLs) are nonlinear potential structures in plasmas, consisting of two adjacent layers of positive and negative space charges, in which the potential jumps, thereby creating an electric field. They were intensively investigated in the last decades because of their frequent occurrence in almost all possible devices: tokamaks, spheromaks, thermionic converters, Q-machines, double pl...

Relevant Results of Semigroup

Originally, fuzzy logic was proposed to describe human reasoning. Lately, it turned out that fuzzy logic is also a convenient approximation tool, and that moreover, sometimes a better approximation can be obtained if we use real values outside the interval 0; 1]; it is therefore necessary to describe possible extension of t-norms and t-conorms to such new values. It is reasonable to require tha...

Electrical Double Layer

Laboratory spectroscopy of astrophysically relevant carbon species.

Carbon is one of the most common elements in the solar system, with a fractional abundance of 10(-4) relative to hydrogen. Thus, it is not surprising that over 100 carbon-bearing species have been definitively detected in the interstellar medium via their rotational, infrared, and/or electronic transitions. In order to identify these species, laboratory spectra are needed for comparison to astr...